Association Is Not Causation
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Hypoglycemia in critically ill adults - association yes, causation not proven
Hypoglycemia is consistently associated with an increased risk of death in hospital patients in general, patients treated in intensive care units, and type II diabetes patients recruited to large randomized controlled trials. In 1965, Sir Austin Bradford Hill elucidated nine characteristics that help establish a causal relationship between exposure to a potentially harmful substance or event (i...
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Many philosophers of science have argued that a set of evidence that is "coherent" confirms a hypothesis which explains such coherence. In this paper, we examine the relationships between probabilistic models of all three of these concepts: coherence, confirmation, and explanation. For coherence, we consider Shogenji's measure of association (deviation from independence). For confirmation, we c...
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The fundamental objective of epidemiology is the identification of the causes of disease through the appropriate study of the distribution of cases within groups of humans with a range of identified characteristics, such as different levels of exposure to some agent, for example, a chemical. However, epidemiology is predominantly an observational (i.e. non-experimental) science that draws its d...
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One view of causation is deterministic: A causes B means that on any occasion in which A occurs, B occurs. An alternative view is that causation is probabilistic: it means that given A, the probability of B is greater than some criterion, such as the probability of B given not A. Evidence about the induction of causal relations cannot decide between these two accounts, and so we examined how pe...
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Lewis ([1973a]) famously defined event c to be causally relevant to event e in world w just in case O c ð Þ and O e ð Þ as well as :O c ð Þ !:O e ð Þ are true in w, where O c ð Þ and O e ð Þ say that c occurs and that e occurs, respectively. For him, this implied that O c ð Þ ! O e ð Þ is true, because he was assuming the underlying logic to be VC, which validates ^ ð Þ ! ð Þ. If one works with...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Toxicological Sciences
سال: 2018
ISSN: 1096-6080,1096-0929
DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy095